Commerce

COMMERCE

• Business Environment and International Business
• Accounting and Auditing
• Business Economics
• Business Finance
• Business Statistics and Research Methods
• Business Management and Human Resource Management
• Banking and Financial Institutions
• Marketing Management
• Legal Aspects of Business
• Income-tax and Corporate Tax Planning

NTA NET Pattern

The details of syllabi are as follows:

UNIT-I

Business Environment and International Business

• Concepts and elements of business environment: Economic environment- Economic systems, Economic policies(Monetary and fiscal policies); Political environment- Role of government in business; Legal environment- Consumer Protection Act, FEMA; Socio-cultural factors and their influence on business; Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR)
• Scope and importance of international business; Globalization and its drivers; Modes of entry into international business
• Theories of international trade: Government intervention in international trade; Tariff and non-tariff barriers; India’s foreign trade policy Foreign direct investment (FDI) and Foreign portfolio investment (FPI); Types of FDI, Costs and benefits of FDI to home and host countries; Trends in FDI; India’s FDI policy
• Balance of payments (BOP): Importance and components of BOP
• Regional Economic Integration: Levels of Regional Economic Integration; Trade creation and diversion effects; Regional Trade Agreements: European Union (EU), ASEAN, SAARC, NAFTA
• International Economic institutions: IMF, World Bank, UNCTAD
• World Trade Organisation (WTO): Functions and objectives of WTO; Agriculture Agreement; GATS; TRIPS; TRIMS.

UNIT-II

Accounting and Auditing

• Basic accounting principles; concepts and postulates.
• Partnership Accounts: Admission, Retirement, Death, Dissolution and Insolvency of partnership firms.
• Corporate Accounting: Issue, forfeiture and reissue of shares; Liquidation of companies; Acquisition, merger, amalgamation and reconstruction of companies
• Holding company accounts.
• Cost and Management Accounting: Marginal costing and Break-even analysis; Standard costing; Budgetary control; Process costing; Activity Based Costing (ABC); Costing for decision-making; Life cycle costing, Target costing, Kaizen costing and JIT.
• Financial Statements Analysis: Ratio analysis; Funds flow Analysis; Cash flow analysis.
• Human Resources Accounting; Inflation Accounting; Environmental Accounting.
• Indian Accounting Standards and IFRS.
• Auditing: Independent financial audit; Vouching; Verification ad valuation of assets and liabilities; Audit of financial statements and audit report; Cost audit
• Recent Trends in Auditing: Management audit; Energy audit; Environment audit; Systems audit; Safety audit.

UNIT-III

Business Economics

• Meaning and scope of business economics
• Objectives of business firms
• Demand analysis: Law of demand; Elasticity of demand and its measurement; Relationship between AR and MR
• Consumer behavior: Utility analysis; Indifference curve analysis.
• Law of Variable Proportions: Law of Returns to Scale. Theory of cost: Short-run and long-run cost curves.
• Price determination under different market forms: Perfect competition; Monopolistic competition; Oligopoly- Price leadership model; Monopoly; Price discrimination  Pricing strategies: Price skimming; Price penetration; Peak load pricing

UNIT-IV

Business Finance

• Scope and sources of finance; Lease financing.
• Cost of capital and time value of money
• Capital structure
• Capital budgeting decisions: Conventional and scientific techniques of capital budgeting analysis
• Working capital management; Dividend decision: Theories and policies.
• Risk and return analysis; Asset securitization
• International monetary system
• Foreign exchange market; Exchange rate risk and hedging techniques
• International financial markets and instruments: Euro currency; GDRs; ADRs
• International arbitrage; Multinational capital budgeting

UNIT-V

Business Statistics and Research Methods

• Measures of central tendency
• Measures of dispersion
• Measures of skewness
• Correlation and regression of two variables.
• Probability: Approaches to probability; Bayes’ theorem
• Probability distributions: Binomial, poisson and normal distributions
• Research: Concept and types; Research designs
• Data: Collection and classification of data
• Sampling and estimation: Concepts; Methods of sampling – probability and nonprobability methods; Sampling distribution; Central limit theorem; Standard error; Statistical estimation
• Hypothesis testing: z-test; t-test; ANOVA; Chi–square test; Mann-Whitney test (Utest); Kruskal-Wallis test (H-test); Rank correlation test.
• Report writing

UNIT-VI

Business Management and Human Resource Management

• Principles and functions of management Organization structure: Formal and informal organizations; Span of control
• Responsibility and authority: Delegation of authority and decentralization.
• Motivation and leadership: Concept and theories
• Corporate governance and business ethics
• Human resource management: Concept, role and functions of HRM; Human resource planning; Recruitment and selection; Training and development; Succession planning
• Compensation management: Job evaluation; Incentives and fringe benefits
• Performance appraisal including 360 degree performance appraisal.
• Collective bargaining and workers’ participation in management
• Personality: Perception; Attitudes; Emotions; Group dynamics; Power and politics; Conflict and negotiation; Stress management
• Organizational Culture: Organizational development and organizational change

UNIT-VII

Banking and Financial Institutions

• Overview of Indian financial system
• Types of banks: Commercial banks; Regional Rural Banks (RRBs); Foreign banks; Cooperative banks
• Reserve Bank of India: Functions; Role and monetary policy management
• Banking sector reforms in India: Basel norms; Risk management; NPA management
• Financial markets: Money market; Capital market; Government securities market.
• Financial Institutions: Development Finance Institutions (DFIs); Non-Banking Financial Companies (NBFCs); Mutual Funds; Pension Funds
• Financial Regulators in India.
• Financial sector reforms including financial inclusion
• Digitalisation of banking and other financial services: Internet banking; mobile banking; Digital payments systems
• Insurance: Types of insurance- Life and Non-life insurance; Risk classification and management; Factors limiting the insurability of risk; Re-insurance; Regulatory framework of insurance- IRDA and its role

UNIT-VIII

Marketing Management

• Marketing: Concept and approaches; Marketing channels; Marketing mix; Strategic marketing planning; Market segmentation, targeting and positioning
• Product decisions: Concept; Product line; Product mix decisions; Product life cycle; New product development
• Pricing decisions: Factors affecting price determination; Pricing policies and strategies Promotion decisions: Role of promotion in marketing; Promotion methods – Advertising; Personal selling; Publicity; Sales promotion tools and techniques; Promotion mix
• Distribution decisions: Channels of distribution; Channel management
• Consumer Behaviour; Consumer buying process; factors influencing consumer buying decisions
• Service marketing
• Trends in marketing: Social marketing; Online marketing; Green marketing; Direct marketing; Rural marketing; CRM
• Logistics management

UNIT-IX

Legal Aspects of Business

• Indian Contract Act, 1872: Elements of a valid contract; Capacity of parties; Free consent; Discharge of a contract; Breach of contract and remedies against breach; Quasi contracts;
• Special contracts: Contracts of indemnity and guarantee; contracts of bailment and pledge; Contracts of agency
• Sale of Goods Act, 1930: Sale and agreement to sell; Doctrine of Caveat Emptor; Rights of unpaid seller and rights of buyer
• Negotiable Instruments Act, 1881: Types of negotiable instruments; Negotiation and assignment; Dishonour and discharge of negotiable instruments
• The Companies Act, 2013: Nature and kinds of companies; Company formation; Management, meetings and winding up of a joint stock company
• Limited Liability Partnership: Structure and procedure of formation of LLP in India
• The Competition Act, 2002: Objectives and main provisions.
• The Information Technology Act, 2000: Objectives and main provisions; Cyber crimes and penalties
• The RTI Act, 2005: Objectives and main provisions
• Intellectual Property Rights (IPRs) : Patents, trademarks and copyrights; Emerging issues in intellectual property
• Goods and Services Tax (GST): Objectives and main provisions; Benefits of GST; Implementation mechanism; Working of dual GST

UNIT-X

Income-tax and Corporate Tax Planning

• Income-tax: Basic concepts; Residential status and tax incidence; Exempted incomes; Agricultural income; Computation of taxable income under various heads; Deductions from Gross total income; Assessment of Individuals; Clubbing of incomes.
• International Taxation: Double taxation and its avoidance mechanism; Transfer pricing Corporate Tax Planning: Concepts and significance of corporate tax planning; Tax avoidance versus tax evasion; Techniques of corporate tax planning; Tax considerations in specific business situations: Make or buy decisions; Own or lease an asset; Retain; Renewal or replacement of asset; Shut down or continue operations
• Deduction and collection of tax at source; Advance payment of tax; E-filing of income-tax returns.