Discovery, Structure, Virus infection in plants, and symptoms, Transmission of plant Viruses, Genome Organisation, Replication of Bacteriophages, Economic Importance. BACTERIADiscovery, General Characteristic Features, Cell Structure, nutrition, reproduction, Techniques in Sterilization and Bacterial Culture, Economic importance.
PHYCOLOGY – General characters, Classification (F.E.Fritsch) Thallus Organisation, Life Cycle Patterns, pigmentation, Evolutionary Trends in The sexuality of Algae – Economic importance. Structure and reproduction, life cycle of the following algae: Anabaena, Nostoc, Spirulina, Diatoms, Chlamydomonas, Oedogonium.
MYCOLOGYGeneral Characteristics, Thallus Organisation, Classification (Alexopolus), Nutrition, Reproduction, Economic importance. Structure, reproduction and Life cycle of the following: Rhizophus, Agaricus, Puccinia, Cercospora.
LichenologyGeneral characteristics, Thallus Organisation, Reproduction, occurrence, Classification, Ecological importance, Mycorrhiza (EctomyCorrhiza & Endomycorrhiza) BryologyGeneral characters, Classification, structure and reproduction, Economic importance, structure and Life history of Marchantia, Riccia and Polytrichum PteridologyGeneral characters – Classification, based on smith, Structure and life history of Psilotum, Lycopodium, Selaginella, stellar organisation, Heterospory and seed habit, Economic importance.
GymnospermsGeneral characters, classification (Sporne, 1954), Structure & reproduction, Economic importance, Life history of cycas, pinus and Gnetum. PaleobotanyGeological time scale – era, period, epoch, fossilization methods – fossil types – Radio carbon dating, contributions of Birbal sahni. EvolutionOrigin of Life, Theories of Evolution – Darwin, Lamarck and De vries.
Angiosperm morphology Root system – Modifications, shoot system – Modifications, Leaf – simple, Compound- phyllotaxy, Modifications of leaf. Inflorescence – types, Flowers – parts, Aestivation, Placentation, fruits – types and classification. Taxonomy – Classification of Angiosperms – Artificial, natural, phylogenetic, Herbarium – techniques, Botanical Nomenclature, Botanical Survey of India.
Study of the following families based on the natural system Poaceae, cucurbitaceae, asteraceae, solanaceae Arecaceae, Euphorbiaceae Leguminosae lamiaceae & Economic importance of the above families. Economic BotanySource, Cultivation methods and economically important products of rice, sugarcane, cotton, groundnut.
Meristems and types, simple permanent tissues, complex permanent tissues (xylem, phloem), Tissue systems & types, Secondary growth, Anomalous Secondary Growth, primary structure of root, stem and leaf of dicots & monocots, krantz anatomy. EMBRYOLOGYMicrosporangium, microsporogenesis and development of male gametophyte, Megasporangium, types, Megasporogenesis, development of female gametophyte – Monospory, Bispory, tetraspory, Double fertilization, triple fusion, types of endosperm, Embryo development in dicot & monocots, Apomixis, polyembryony, anther and embryo culture technique.
MicrobiologyHistory and scopes of microbiology, Introduction to microbial world – protozoa, bacteria, viruses, mycoplasma, economic importance of bacteria, culture methods and techniques, Fermentation and antibiotic production.
PLANT PATHOLOGY
History of plant pathology, symptomology of Fungal, viral, bacterial pathogens host defence. Name the causative organisms, etiology and control measure of the following diseases Blast of rice, wilt of cotton, canker of citrus, powdery mildew disease, Redrot of sugarcane, Tikka of groundnut, Little leaf of brinigal, Bunchy top of banana.
Water relations of plants – Imbibition, Diffusion, Osmosis, plasmolysis, Mechanism of Water absorption – Ascent of sap, Transpiration – Types, Significance, Mechanism, Factors affecting it, Guttation. Photosynthesis- C3, C4 CAM pathways. Respiration – Aerobic, Anaerobic, Glycolysis, kreb’s cycle, Electron transport chain, photorespiration Nitrogen Metabolism – Source of nitrogen, Methods of nitrogen Fixation – Metabolism – Symbiontic, non-symbiontic, Nitrogen Cycle. Physiology of flowering – photoperiodism – plant growth substances, chemical nature and physiological functions of auxins, Gibberellins cytokinins, ethylene, ABA and Brassinosteriods.
BIOCHEMISTRY: – Biopolymers, carbohydrates, Lipids, proteins, nucleic acids and their monomers. Enzymes- properties, classification, mode of action-factors affecting enzymes. BIOPHYSICS: – Laws of thermodynamics – Concept of free energy, ATP as high energy compound- photo physiology – Light emission – fluorescence, phosphorescence, Bioluminescence, light absorption
Cell organisation – prokaryotic & Eukaryotic cells, Cell membrane, Cell cycle, mitosis, Meiosis, Amitosis, Cell Organelles – Occurrence, Structure, Function and Origin of ER, Golgibody, Lysosomes, Ribosomes, Mitochondria and chloroplast, Chromosome- Structure, types, polytene & lampbrush.
GENETICS
Mendelism, Monohybrid, Dihybrid crosses, Laws of Mendel, Incomplete dominance, Interaction of factors and genes, Linkage & crossing over, Multiple alleles, Mutations, sex determination in Plants.
PLANTBREEDING
Principles involved in plant breeding Methods of crop improvement – Selection, hybridisation Introduction, acclimatization, Heterosis – cause and effects, polyploidy in breeding, Hybridisation technique employed in Cotton, paddy & sugarcane
HORTICUTURE
Scope of Horticulture – Classification of Horticulture plants – fruits, Vegetables, ornamentals, Garden design & types – Rockery. Bonsai, Kitchen Garden, Lawn making, Floriculture, Cultivation of commercial plants – Jasmine, Propagation methods, cutting, grafting, Layering, Budding.
Biotic and Abiotic Factors, plant Succession, Ecological adaptations, Xerophytes, hydrophytes, Epiphytes. Food chain, Food web, Energy flow- Types of eco system, Ecological pyramids, Nutrient cycles,
ENVIRONMENT
Pollution – Air, Water, Soil, Causes and Consequences, Green house effect, Global warming, ozone depletion, acid rain and their impacts, remedial measures – Green building.
CONSERVATION BIOLOGY
Natural resource and its conservation (Insitu, Exsitu), Brief account of National and International agencies of conservation – Afforestation.
PHYTOGEOGRAPHY
Principles – Vegetation types of India, Tropical evergreen forests, Deciduous forest, Mangrove vegetation and scrub jungle with reference to Tamil Nadu – Raunkiaer’s life form, Remote sensing of vegetation photo interpretation.
History & Scope, Applications of plant biotechnology, Bio fertilizers, Biopesticides, antibiotics, Recombinant Vaccines, Insulin and Interferons – Bio remediation. Plant tissue culture – Applications of plant tissue Culture, Vectors – Plasmid, Bacteriophages, viral vectors, cosmids, Restriction enzymes, rDNA technology, Development of transgenic plants with reference to insect resistance, edible Vaccines, pros and cons of genetically Modified food (GM food).
PHYTOGEOGRAPHY
Databases and tools – Biological database ‘NCBI’ model primary & Secondary databases – BLAST – proteomics and tools, Homology modelling.
MOLECULAR BIOLOGY
Nature and function of genetic materials – Nucleic acid – DNA, RNA, Replication of DNA, RNA types, Transcription, protein synthesis, codons, anticodons, gene regulation in prokaryotes – Lac Operon.
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