Principles of taxonomy – Bionomical nomenclature – Rules of nomenclature – Classification of Animal Kingdom – General Characters and classification up to orders from protozoa to Echinodermata – Protozontype study – Paramecium and Plasmodium – Parasite protozoans (Entamoeba, Trypanosoma and Leishmania – Porifera – Type study Leucosolenia – General Topic – History, Skeleton and canal system in sponges – Coelenterata – Type study – Obelia and Aurelia – General topic – Coral and coral reefs – Polymorphism, Economic importance – Platyhelminthes – Type Study – Fasciola and Taenia – General Topic: Parasitic adaptation – Aschelminthes – Type Study – Ascaris – General Topic – Nematode parasites and diseases (Enterobius vermicularis, Ancylostoma duodenale and Wuchereria bancrofti) – Annelida -Type study – Earthworm and Hirudinaria General Topic – Metamerism – Trochophore larva and its significance – vermiculture – Nephridia – Econonic importance – Arthropoda – Type study – Penaeus – General topic – Affinities of Peripatus – Crustacean larvae and their significance – Mouth parts of insects – Economic importance of insects – social life of insects – Mollusca – Type study – Pila and Lamellidens – General Topics – Foot in Mollusca – Economic importance – Torsion in Gastropods – Echinodermata – Type study – Asterias – General Topic – Echinoderm larvae and their significance – water vascular system in Echinoderms.
Origin of chordates – General characters and outline classification of Phylum chordata with examples – General characters and classification up to mammalia. Prochordates – Type study – Hemichordata – Balanoglossus – Urochordata – Ascidian – Cephalochordata – Branchiostoma (Amphioxus). Agnatha – Type study – Petromyzon – General topic – Affinities of cyclostomata. Pisces – Type study – Scoliodon sorrokowah and Mugil cephalus – General Affinities of Dipnoi – Types of scales and fins – Accessory respiratory organs – Air bladder – Migration- Parental care – Economic Importance. Amphibia – Type study Rana hexadactyla – General – Origin of Amphibia – Adaptive features of Anura; Urodela and Apoda – Neoteny in urodela – Parental care in Amphibia. Reptilia – Type Study – Calotes versicolor – General – Origin of reptiles – snakes of India – poison apparatus and biting mechanism of snakes. Aves – Type study – Columba livia – General topics: Origin of birds – Ratitae – Flight adaptation – Migration in birds – Palate in birds – Birds are glorified reptiles. Mammalia – Type study – Rabbit – General topics – Adaptive radiation in mammals. Egg laying mammals – Marsupials – Aquatic mammals – flying mammals – Dentition in mammals.
Compound microscope – Phase contrast microscope – Electron microscope – Light and Dark field microscopes – Cytological techniques – fixation – staining – centrifugation- sedimentation co-efficient – History of cell biology – Cell theory – cell as the basic unit of living organism – Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic cell – ultrastructure of an animal cell – plasma membrane – Lipid bilayer, unit membrane, fluid mosaic and functions of plasma membrane – Cell organelles – ERC – Ribosomes – Golgi complex – Lysosomes – Centrioles and mitochondria – Nucleus – Nucleolus – structure and functions of chromosomes – heterochromatin and euchromatin – Giant chromosome – Polytene and Lambrush chromosome – cell cycle – mitosis and meiosis. Cancer – types – causes – diagnosis – characteristics and treatment – Gene responsible for aging – stem cells. Nucleic acids – Molecular structure of DNA and RNA – Types of RNA – DNA replication – Role of RNA and ribosome in protein synthesis – Regulation of Protein synthesis.
Mendelian principles – Gene interactions – Multiple alleles – ABO blood group and Rh factor – Multiple factors – skin colour – Sex determination – Linkage and crossing over – chromosomal aberrations. Extra chromosomes – Allosomal and Autosomal aberrations – Mendelian traits – Pedigree studies – Eugenics – Genetics and society. Nucleic acids – DNA and RNA – Chemical basis of hereditary – Gene mutation – Genetics of bacteria – Genetic code – Gene action – Regulation of gene expression – Insertion elements and transposons – Genetic cloning.
Nutrition – Types of nutrition – food – feeding mechanism. Digestive enzymes and their role in digestion – Respiration – Respiratory organs – Mechanism of respiration – Transport of gases – chloride shifting – Haldane and Bohr’s effect. Circulation – Structure of human heart – cardiac cycle – origin of heart beat – pace maker regulation of heart beat – ECG – Blood pressure. Blood – excretion – kidney – nephron – mechanism of urine formation in mammals – hormonal control of excretion. Osmoregulation and thermoregulation. Muscular system – Types of muscles – structure and chemical composition of skeletal muscle – mechanism of muscle contraction. Nervous system – Structure of neuron – Types of neuron – nerve impulse in myelinated and non- myelinated neuron – action potential – synapse – neuromuscular junction and reflex action – reflex arc. Photoreceptor – phonoreceptor – physiology – equilibrium – chemoreceptors. Endocrine system – endocrine glands – hormones of pituitary gland – pineal gland – thyroid gland – parathyroid gland – thymus – adrenal gland – pancreas. Defects of hormones – Human reproductive hormones – Menstrual cycle in humans.
Biological properties – Classification – Structure of carbohydrates, proteins and fats. Metabolism of carbohydrates, proteins and lipids. Glycolysis – Glycogenolysis – Gluconeogenesis – Glycogenesis. Kreb’s cycle – Oxidative phosphorylation – Electron transport system. Deamination – Transamination – fate of keto acids. Nitrogen metabolism – Beta oxidation of fatty acids – BMI and BMR – Biotechnology – Scope and importance of Biotechnology – DNA Recombinant Technology – Application of genetic recombinant technology in human health and agriculture – Genetic engineering – Restriction enzymes – ligase – polymerase and reverse transcriptase – PCR, Gene cloning – cloning vectors – plasmids – cDNA library – Gene Bank. Production of biotechnological products – SCP – Biofertilizers – Biofuel – Biopesticides – Biogas production – Solid and liquid waste management. Enzyme Biotechnology – Sources and production of commercially important enzymes – cellulase, amylase, pectinase and proteinase.
Origin of germ cells – Gametogenesis – Process of spermatogenesis and oogenesis – Types of sperms – Types of eggs and egg membranes – Structure of sperm and ovum in mammals – Fertilization – Acrosomal reaction – Cortical reaction, physiological and biochemical changes and significance. Cleavage – Types of cleavage patterns – Controlling factors and laws in cleavage – Fate maps in frog and chick. Blastulation and gastrulation in amphioxus, frog and chick. Organogenesis – Development of brain, eye and ear in vertebrate animals – Extra-embryonic membranes – Placentation in mammals – Mechanism of induction – Human reproduction – Puberty – Menstrual cycle- Menopause – Pregnancy and related problems – Artificial insemination – Cryopreservation – IVF – Embryo transfer and its advantages – Test tube baby – Amniocentesis – Super ovulation – Artificial Reproductive Technology (ART) and embryo manipulation – Ethics in ART – Stem cells.
Scope – Concept – Branches in Ecology – Autecology and Synecology – Micro and macro environment. Types of media and substratum – their influence on animals. Biosphere – Hydrosphere, Lithosphere, Stratosphere – Biocoenosis and biogeocoenosis – Abiotic factors – Water, soil, light and temperature – Biotic factors. Animal relationships – Symbiosis, Commensalism, Mutualism, Antagonism, Predation, Parasitism and Competition. Biogeochemical cycles – Nitrogen, Carbon and Oxygen – Ecosystem – Pond ecosystem – Primary and secondary production – food chain – food web. Trophic levels – Energy flow – Ecological pyramids – Biomass, number and energy. Terrestrial Ecology – Biomes – Characters – tundra, grass land, forest and desert biomes – Types of forests in India – Adaptations of animals inhabiting deserts – Freshwater, Marine and Estuarine Ecology – their characteristics – Biotic communities and their adaptations. Population Ecology – Community Ecology – Pollution – air, water and land – wild life management. Preservation – laws enforced – sanctuaries – natural resources management. Renewable and non-renewable resources. Evolution – Theories and trends – Lamarckism and Neo Lamarckism – Darwinian theory – Geological time Scale – Fossil and Fossilization – Dating of fossil – living and extinct fossils. Mimicry & coloration – Convergent, Divergent and parallel Evolution – Coevolution – Isolating Mechanisms – different types – species concept – definition and origin of species – Allopatric and sympatric speciation – genetic drift – Founder’s principle.
Economic importance of honey bees, silkworm and lac insects. Insects damage to the plants, animals and man – Insects pests of stored grains – Insect vector of plants, animals and man – Insects affecting health of domestic animals and human – Pest control methods – Physical, mechanical and chemical methods – Classification of pesticides and their modes of action – Plant protection appliances. Basic principles of insecticide formulations and their application in pest control – pesticides and environmental pollution – precautions in handling pesticides – integrated post management.
Poultry Farming: Important breeds of poultry – chick rearing – Role of egg in human nutrition – processing of egg, meat and by-products of poultry – major diseases of chick. Dairy Farming: Important breeds of dairy – Nutritive value of milk and meat – dairy by-products. Aquaculture: Important culturable freshwater, brackish water and marine fishes and shell fishes – Polyculture, integrated culture – live feed organisms in aquaculture. Nutritive value of fish meat – fishery by-products. Pearl and edible oyster culture: Culture of pearl – Biology of Pinctada fucata – Preparation of graft, tissue and nucleus. Techniques of edible oyster culture – induced breading – Harvesting.
Classification of microbes – structure of bacteria – economic importance of bacteria. Viruses – Types of viruses – Herpes Virus, TMV, Polyoma viruses, Bacteriophages and virion. Sterilization – Physical and chemical methods. Types of bacterial culture. Microorganisms of different soils in extreme environments – Thermophilic, Methanogenic and Halophilic. Food borne infections and intoxications – Clostridium, Salmonella – Staphylococcus – Common bacterial, viral and fungal diseases of humans. History of immunology – Blood transfusion – Rh factor – Compatibilities – Innate and acquired Immunity. Structure, composition and functions of cells and organs involved in the immune system – virulence and host resistance related immunity. Antigens – types, properties – haptens – adjuvants – vaccines – types – toxoids – antitoxins. Immunoglobulinsstructure, types and properties – theories of antibody production – complement structure- properties – function and pathway. Antigen – antibody reaction – in vitro methods – agglutination – precipitation – complement fixation – Immunofluorescence – ELISA – RIA – Western blot.
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