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Instrumentation and Control Engineering Polytechnic TRB

Polytechnic TRB Instrumentation and Control Engineering

UNIT 1: ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS

Matrix – characteristic equation – eigen values and eigen vectors – Cayley – Hamilton  theorem – partial derivatives – maxima and minima – linear differential equations  with constant coefficients – linear first order simultaneous equations with constant  coefficients – Taylor and Laurent expansions – residue theorem – Laplace transform  – initial and final value theorems – inverse Laplace transform – Fourier series and  Fourier transforms – solution of standard types of first order partial differential  equations – z-transform – inverse z-transform – convolution theorem.  

UNIT 2: CIRCUIT THEORY

Mesh current and node voltage methods of analysis – network reduction and network  theorems – voltage and current division, source transformation – star delta  conversion – Thevenin’s and Norton’s theorems – superposition theorem – maximum  power transfer theorem – series and parallel resonance – frequency response –  quality factor and bandwidth – self and mutual inductance – transient response for  dc and sinusoidal inputs – analysis of three phase 3-wire and 4-wire circuits – power  and power factor measurements in three phase circuits.  

UNIT 3: ANALOG AND DIGITAL ELECTRONICS

Diode, BJT, JFET, MOSFET – characteristics and parameters – biasing – h  parameters – amplifiers – frequency response – RC coupled amplifier – power  amplifiers – feedback amplifiers – oscillators – wave shaping circuits – single and  polyphase rectifiers – filters – design of Zener and transistor series voltage regulators  – op-arnp characteristics – frequency response – summer, integrator,  instrumentation amplifier, first and second order active fitters,V/I and I/V  converters, comparators, waveform generators, peak detector, S/H circuit, D/A  converter (R-2R ladder and weighted resistor types),A/D converter – dual slope,  successive approximation and flash types – isolation amplifiers, opta-coupler.  

Boolean algebra – De-Morgan’s theorems – simplification using K-maps and Quine  McCluskey Method – logic gates – design of arithmetic circuits – encoders, decoders,  multiplexers and demultiplexers – flip flops – counters – shift registers – design of  synchronous and asynchronous sequential circuits. Design of sequential networks 

using PAL, PLA – FPGA – CPLD – 8085 and 8051 architectures – instruction sets –  programming – interrupt structures – memory interfacing – interfacing of 8255 PPI,  8279 key board display controller, 8253 timer Counter – interfacing with 8085 – A/D  and D/A converter interfacing. 

UNIT 4: ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONIC MEASUREMENTS

Ballistic, D’Arsonval galvanometers – principle, construction, operation and  comparison of moving coil, moving iron meters, dynamometer, induction type and  thermal type meter, rectifier type – theory, calibration – electrodynamometer type  wattmeter – induction type kwh meter – induction type energy meter – dc  potentiometer – ac potentiometer – C.T and P.T – Wheatstone bridge – Kelvin double  bridge – high resistance measurement – earth resistance measurement – Megger.  Measurement of inductance, capacitance – Q of coil – Maxwell bridge – Wein’s bridge  – Schering bridge – Anderson bridge – Campbell bridge to measure mutual  inductance – digital voltmeters and multimeters – microprocessor based DMM with  auto ranging and self-diagnostic features – digital IC tester – frequency, period, time  interval and pulse width measurement – cathode ray oscilloscope – sampling and  storage scopes – wave analyzers – seven segment and dot matrix display – digital  recording and data loggers – modern instrumentation and control systems – OSI  model – EIA 232 interface standard – EIA 485 interface standard – EIA 422 interface  standard – 20 ma current loop – serial interface converters.  

UNIT 5: CONTROL SYSTEMS

Open and closed loop systems – transfer function – signal flow graphs – time domain  response-I and II order system response – frequency response – Bode plot – polar  plot – determination of closed loop response from open loop response – correlation  between frequency domain and time domain specifications – characteristic equation  – location of roots in s plane for stability – Routh Hurwitz criterion – root locus  construction – effect of pole, zero addition – gain margin and phase margin – Nyquist  stability criterion – lag, lead and lag-lead networks – compensator design using bode  plots – state space analysis – controllability and observability – pole placement –  state observer design – features of linear and non-linear systems – phase plane  analysis of linear and non-linear systems – isoclines method – describing function  analysis of non-linear systems – conditions for stability – Liapunov’s stability concept – Liapunov’s direct method – Popov’s criterion – time varying optimal control – LQR  steady state optimal control – optimal estimation-multivariable control design.  

UNIT 6: TRANSDUCERS AND SMART SENSORS

Units and standards – calibration methods – static calibration – classification of  errors – error analysis – statistical methods – odds and uncertainty – classification  of transducers – selection of transducers – characteristics of transducers –  mathematical model of transducers – zero, I and II order transducers – response to  impulse, step, ramp and sinusoidal inputs – variable resistance transducers –  variable inductance and variable capacitance transducers – induction potentiometer  – variable reluctance transducers –principle of operation, construction details,  characteristics and application of LVDT – capacitive transducer and types – capacitor  microphone – frequency response –piezoelectric transducer, hall effect transducer –  different types of photo detectors – digital transducers – smart sensors – fibre optic  sensors, squid sensors,film sensors, MEMS – nano sensors.  

UNIT 7: INDUSTRIAL AND ANALYTICAL INSTRUMENTATION

Pressure, flow, temperature and level measurements – principle of operation,  installation and maintenance, calibration – measurement of force, torque, velocity,  vibration, humidity, viscosity. and density – spectrophotometers (UV and IR) – pH  meters – conductivity meters –analyzers (O2 NO2, H2S), chromatography (gas and  liquid) – NMR spectroscopy, x-ray spectroscopy and mass spectrometer.  

UNIT 8: DIGITAL SIGNAL PROCESSING

Classification of signals: continuous and discrete, energy and power; mathematical  representation of signals – classification of systems: continuous, discrete, linear,  causal, stable, dynamic, recursive, time variance – spectral density – aliasing effect  – digital signal representation – DTLTI systems – difference equations – convolution  – IIR design: analog filter design – Butterworth and Chebyshev approximations –  digital design using impulse invariant and bilinear transformation – Discrete  Fourier Transform – IDFT- computation of D FT using FFT algorithm – DIT and DIF  using radix 2 FFT – FIR and IIR filter realization – parallel and cascade forms – FIR  design: windowing techniques – linear phase characteristics. 

UNIT 9: PROCESS CONTROL

Mathematical model of first order level, pressure and thermal processes – higher  order process – interacting and non-interacting systems – continuous and batch  processes – servo and regulator operations – characteristics of on-off, proportional,  integral and derivative control modes – PI, PD and PID control modes – pneumatic  and electronic controllers – optimum controller evaluation criteria – IAE, ISE,  ITAE and % decay ratio – determination of optimum settings for mathematically  described processes using time response and frequency response – tuning –  process reaction curve method – Ziegler Nichols method – damped oscillation  method- feed – forward control – ratio control – cascade control – inferential control  – split – range control –introduction to multivariable control – I/P converter –  pneumatic and electric actuators – valve positioner – control valves –  characteristics of control valves – inherent and installed characteristics –  valve body – commercial valve bodies – control valve sizing – cavitation and flashing  – selection criteria.  

UNIT 10: LOGIC AND DISTRIBUTED CONTROL SYSTEM

Components of PLC – advantages over relay logic – architecture of PLC –  programming devices – discrete and analog i/o modules – programming languages  – ladder diagram – programming timers and counters – design of PLC – program  control instructions, math instructions, sequencer instructions – use of PC as  PLC – application of PLC – SCADA – data acquisition system – supervisory control  – direct digital control – DCS – architectures – comparison – local control unit –  process interfacing issues – communication facilities – operator interfaces – low level  and high level operator interfaces – operator displays – engineering interfaces – low  level and high level engineering interfaces. 

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