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Modern Office Practice Polytechnic TRB (Commerce)

Polytechnic TRB Modern Office Practice (Commerce)

UNIT 1: ACCOUNTS & FINANCE

Basic Accounting concepts – Capital & Revenue –Financial statements – Preparation  of final Accounts – Schedule VI Part I & Part II. Partnership Accounts – Admission,  Retirement, Death, Dissolution & cash distribution. Single Entry – Statement of  Affairs method & conversion method.  

Company Accounts – Issue & forfeiture if shares – Issue & Redemption of Preference  shares & Debentures – Purchase of Business – Profits prior to Incorporation –  Managerial Remuneration – Dividend declared out of the past and current profits –  Issue of Bonus shares – Preparation of company balance sheet – Amalgamation,  Absorption, Internal reconstruction – External reconstruction – Liquidation –  Accounts for Banking & Insurance companies – Valuation of shares & goodwill –  Inflation Accounting – CPP & CCA Method – Human resource Accounting –  International Accounting Standards.  

Cost Accounting – Meaning & definitions – Nature & Significance – Characteristics  of ideal costing system – Elements of Costing – Cost concepts – Fixed & Variable  costs – Preparation of Cost sheet – Costing methods: Job costing, Unit costing.  Process costing. Service costing, contract costing & marginal costing – Materials –  Labour – Overheads – Reconciliation of cost & financial accounts.  

Management Accounting – Meaning – Nature – Objectives – Scope & Importance –  Limitations – Analysis and interpretation of financial statements – Tools of  management accounting: Ratio Analysis, Fund flow statements, Cash flow  statements, Budgetary control, Variance analysis and Marginal costing  (Applications of Marginal Costing).  

UNIT 2 : FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT

Financial Management – Meaning and Definitions – Nature and scope – objectives –  Role and functions of financial manager – Risk and Return relationship – Cost of  Capital: Meaning and importance – Cost of debt, equity, preference equity and  retained earnings – Weighted average cost of capital – Capital budgeting techniques:  ROI, Payback period and discounted cash flow.  

Financial leverages – operating leverages – EBIT – EPS analysis – Financial, operating  and business Risks – Capital structures – Theories –Net Income approach – Net  operating income approach – MM approach – Determinants of capital structure – 

leasing and its types – Advantages and disadvantages of leasing – Evaluation of  leasing.  

Dividend theories & polices – Walter’s model -MM model – Determinants of dividend  policies – Working capital management – Concept – Importance – Determinants and  computation of working capital – Working capital forecasting – Management of  Inventories, cash and receivables.  

UNIT 3: HUMAN RESOURCE MANAGEMENT

Human Resource Management – Meaning – Importance – Scope – Objectives –  functions – Organisation structure – Human resource planning – Job Analysis -Role  Analysis – Selection and recruitment – Testing – Interview – Placement – Promotion  – Job evaluation and Merit rating – Job morale and Satisfaction – Performance  appraisal – Various Training programmes – Theories X and Y – Motivation theories.  Human behaviour in organisation – Perception Learning – Definition of learning –  Learning theories – Concept – Personality – Determinants of personality – Theories  of personality – Group dynamics – Decision making process – Nature – psychological  barriers of decision making – Creativity in decision making – Traditional,  Quantitative, Creative and Participative decision making techniques.  

Discipline – Meaning – Causes of indiscipline – Acts of Indiscipline – Procedure for  disciplinary action – Grievance – Meaning – Characteristics of Grievance – Causes of  Grievance – Grievance knowing methods – Redressal procedure.  Organisation conflict – Individual conflict – Organisational conflict – Management of  conflicts – leadership – Types of leaders – Theories of leadership – Qualities of a good  leader –Workers participation in management.  

UNIT 4 : ECONOMICS

Economics – Meaning and Definitions – Nature and scope – Concepts – Theories of  Economics: Adam Smith, Robinson and Samuelson’s theories – Criticism on  economic theories. 

Demand Analysis –Determinants of demand – Elasticity of demands – Types of  elasticity – Factors influencing elasticity of demand – Demand forecasting – Goods –  Types of Goods – Consumer Surplus.  

Cost concepts – Cost and Output relation – Cost control and Cost reduction –  Behaviour of cost in short and long runs – Break even analysis – Economies of large  scale production. 

Market Structure – Perfect, Imperfect, monopoly, Monopolistic competition and  Oligopoly -Price determination – P ricing policies – Business cycles – National Income  – Monetary policy and fiscal policy – Public finance – Public debt.  

UNIT 5: MARKETING

Marketing – Meaning and Definitions – Nature and scope – Objectives – Functions –  Marketing concepts – Market forecasting – Market Segmentation – Market research  – meaning, scope and objectives – Future of marketing research – Market information  system – Consumer rights and protection – Consumer responsibility.  

Product Mix – Product planning – Product development – Pricing Mix – Role of Pricing  – Need and importance of pricing – Price determination process – Pricing policies and  methods – Promotional Mix – Sales promotion – Various methods of sales promotions  -Advertising – Meaning and definition – Functions and objectives of advertising –  Channels of advertising – Personal selling process.  

Distribution process – Meaning – Importance – Objectives – Establishment of sales  policies – Sales organisation structure – Sales force management – Selection,  training and control of sales force.  

Service Marketing – Meaning and definition – significance – classification of service  markets – Organised markets – Features – Functions and objectives – Cooperative  marketing – Objectives and need – Functions – Features – Operational methods – Problems and remedial measures.  

UNIT 6: INCOME TAX AND TAX PLANNING

Income tax – Meaning – Sources of Indian Tax laws – Principles of good tax system –  Income Tax Act 1961 –Basic concepts – Previous Year – Current Year – Assessment  – Types – Assessee and its types – Person and different types of persons –  Residential Status for various persons – Scope of Total Income – Incomes exempted  from total income – Agricultural Income – Tax free and relief incomes.  

Computation of taxable income under various heads: Salaries, House Property,  Business or Profession, Capital Gains and Other Sources.  

Aggregation of Income – Set off and carry forward of losses – Deductions –  Computation of total income – Computation of total income for Individuals and firms.  Tax Planning – Advance Income Tax – Tax deducted at source – Self Assessment Tax  – Returns to be submitted by various assesses. 

UNIT 7: INTERNATIONAL TRADE

International trade – Meaning, Nature and Scope – Role of foreign trade in India – Need for foreign capital – Forms of foreign capital – limitations – Government policies  towards foreign capital – Promotion of foreign investment – NRI Investment –  Problems in NRI Investment – Balance of Trade and Balance of Payment. Multi  National Corporations – MNC Culture and its Implications in social and economic issues  – Government policies towards MNCs – Transnational Corporations.  Regional Economic Integration: SAARC – ASEAN – EC -NAFTA  Euro Currency Market – GATT – WTO World Bank – IMF – IDA.  Foreign Exchange – Exchange rate – Mechanism for exchange rate -Risk  Management-Transfer of international payments – Convertibility of rupee – Foreign  Investment Institutions & Instruments: GDRs, ADRs, Fils-Their role in Indian  Capital Market. 

UNIT 8: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY AND QUANTITATIVE TECHNIQUES

Research Methodology – Definition, meaning and nature – Scope and objectives –  Types of research: Experimental Research, Survey Research, Case study methods  and Ex post facto Research.

Research design – Research Problem – Process of Research – Sources of data  collection -Methods of Primary data collection – Sampling and Sampling design –  Pilot study and Pre testing – Analysis and interpretation of data – Report writing –  Steps in report writing – presentation of a report.  

Quantitative techniques – Meaning – Role – Advantages and limitations – Correlation  Analysis – Simple – Partial and multiple regression analysis – Time series.  Probability – Elements – Theorems – Theoretical distributions – Binomial – Poison –  Normal Distribution.  

Hypothesis – Definition – Types – Type I Error – Type II Error – ‘t’ test – ‘F’ test – Chi  square test. 

UNIT 9 : BANKING AND FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS

Bank and Banking – Meaning and definitions – Origin – Types and classification of  banks – Commercial banks and its functions – Modern functions of banks – ATM,  Credit card, Debit card – Reserve bank of India – Role of RBI – Functions of RBI – credit control measures exercised by RBI – Quantitative and Qualitative measures. 

Rural banking system in India – NABARD and its functions – Non Banking Financial  Institutions – Development Banks: IDBI, IFCI, SFCs, UTI and SIDBI  Stock exchanges – Working process of stock exchanges – SEBI – Functions Importance of SEBI as a regulatory authority – credit Rating Agencies  Venture capital funds – Mutual funds – Lease Financing – Factoring – Risk and  returns from securities and portfolios.  

UNIT 10: Computers in Business

Computer systems – Importance of computers in Business – Data and information –  Data processing, data storage and retrieval capabilities – Computer applications in  business – Computer related jobs in business. 

Types of computers – Micro, Mini, Mainframe and Super Computers – Analog, digital  and hybrid computers – Business and scientific computer systems – First, Second,  Third and fourth generation computers – Laptop and Note book computers.  Data processing systems – Batch, online, and real time system – Time Sharing –  Multi Programming and Multi processing systems – Networking – Local area and  wide area networks.  

Components of computer system – input, output and storage devices – software –  System software and application software – Programming languages – Machine  languages – Assembly languages – High level languages – Flow Chart – System flow  chart and program flow charts – Steps in developing a computer program.  Working with MS word – MS Power point – Ms Excel – MS Access – Mechanised  accounting with TALLY.  

E-Commerce – Internet – Intranet – Extranet – Emails – Its uses and importance –  World Wide Web sites. 

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