ISO/OSI stack, LAN technologies (Ethernet, Token ring), Flow and error control techniques, Routing algorithms, Congestion control, TCP/UDP and sockets, IP(v4) Application layer protocols (icmp, dns, smtp, pop, ftp, http); Basic concepts of hubs, switches, gateways, and routers. Web technologies: HTML, XML, basic concepts of client-server computing. Mobile Technologies: GSM, GPRS, Blue Tooth, Wifi, Wimax